Risk of environmental genotoxicity in the Baltic Sea over the period of 2009-2011 assessed by micronuclei frequencies in blood erythrocytes of flounder ( Platichthys flesus), herring ( Clupea harengus) and eelpout ( Zoarces viviparus)

Environmental genotoxicity was investigated at 82 locations encompassing different regions of the Baltic Sea. Micronuclei (MN) analysis was performed in erythrocytes of 1892 specimens of flounder Platichthys flesus, herring Clupea harengus and eelpout Zoarces viviparus, three of the most common native fish species of the Baltic Sea collected in 2009 - 2011. MN background levels in fish were determined using data obtained in 2001 - 2011 from 107 Baltic sites. Extremely high genotoxicity risk zone were found for flounder at 11 stations out of 16 in 2009 and 33 stations of 41 in 2010 - 2011, for herring, at 5 of 18 stations in 2009 and 20 of 43 stations in 2010 - 2011, in eelpout only at one out of 29 stations. The sampling stations were restricted mainly to the southern and eastern Baltic Sea offshore zones and in most of them, MN frequencies in flounder and herring significantly exceeded the reference and background levels of micronuclei. This is a first attempt to evaluate the background MN responses, as well as low, high and extremely high genotoxicity risk levels for native fish species