Volunteering in terms of spatial and social inequalities

• There are significant differences in volunteering rates based on education level; those with higher education are more likely to volunteer, while those with lower education are less likely to volunteer. • Volunteering rates are particularly high in rural areas with a good socio-economic situation, especially in western Germany. • In rural areas, individuals with higher incomes and without a migration background, as well as men, have comparatively better opportunities to participate.