Elevated platforms for pigs – a review

In pig housing systems, measures to increase the welfare of pigs by environmental enrichment, establishing different functional areas, and improved space allotment are demanded. One interesting way to achieve these improvements can probably be elevated platforms that can be integrated into already existing pens and be part of new pens. First initial studies on elevated platforms for pigs were conducted about 30 years ago, but interest somehow faded out. Due to possible positive effects of elevated platforms on pig welfare, research on this topic has currently re-increased. This review provides an overview on the existing literature, while discussing different designs of platforms and ramps, the biological ability of pigs to use elevated platforms and ramps, advantages and disadvantages for both pigs and farmers, and methods used to evaluate the effects of the platforms on pigs. In summary, due to their biological abilities, pigs are able to use elevated platforms and accept them well. However, ramp design affects the usage and the accessibility of the platform in rearing and fattening pigs. A small number of pigs might refuse to use the ramp to the platform and might only benefit indirectly. Performance, health and behavior of pigs are not negatively affected by elevated platforms. Compared to pigs kept in pens without elevated platforms, aggressive behavior and tail biting can even be reduced in pens with platforms. Increasing space allotment in existing stables by installing elevated platforms has been calculated 50% less expensive compared to increasing space allotment by new buildings. However, to our knowledge, within the European Union elevated platforms may only be accounted as unobstructed area for pigs in some countries.