The Past, Present, and Future of Wheat Dwarf Virus Management—A Review

Wheat dwarf disease (WDD) is an important disease of monocotyledonous species, including economically important cereals. The causative pathogen, wheat dwarf virus (WDV), is persistently transmitted mainly by the leafhopper Psammotettix alienus and can lead to high yield losses. Due to climate change, the periods of vector activity increased, and the vectors have spread to new habitats, leading to an increased importance of WDV in large parts of Europe. In the light of integrated pest management, cultivation practices and the use of resistant/tolerant host plants are currently the only effective methods to control WDV. However, knowledge of the pathosystem and epidemiology of WDD is limited, and the few known sources of genetic tolerance indicate that further research is needed. Considering the economic importance of WDD and its likely increasing relevance in the coming decades, this study provides a comprehensive compilation of knowledge on the most important aspects with information on the causal virus, its vector, symptoms, host range, and control strategies. In addition, the current status of genetic and breeding efforts to control and manage this disease in wheat will be discussed, as this is crucial to effectively manage the disease under changing environmental conditions and minimize impending yield losses.