Modeling the distribution of phosphine in cylindrical grain silos with CFD methods for precision fumigation

In the present study, the distribution of phosphine gas in a cylindrical silo was modeled and compared with available sensor data. The cylindrical silo was filled with wheat and a recirculation system was used to enhance the diffusion of phosphine throughout the grain volume. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model was developed with OpenFoam software, which accounted for gas transport in porous media and sorption effects of phosphine into the grain. A time-dependent source was used to model the phosphine release from Aluminum Phosphide bags. Furthermore, simulation results were obtained for insect mortality as a function of their exposure to phosphine gas. The phosphine concentration measurements were available from calibrated wireless sensors provided by Centaur Analytics, placed near the silo walls at various heights. As the agreement of phosphine measured data with the simulation results was satisfying, it led to considering that the proposed CFD model (equations, boundary conditions, grain properties, recirculation system approach, etc.) was accurate. Utilizing the capabilities of fumigation modeling, the phosphine concentration could then be determined for every location inside the storage volume and at any given time, thus a prediction method for fumigation duration and success could be enabled. Additionally, as the CFD model correlates phosphine exposure with insect mortality, a methodology for planning precision fumigations can now be established.