Provision of multiple ecosystem services in the tropical lowland forests of Ecuador

Provisioning services, regulating services and tree diversity show synergetic relations indicating compatibility between mitigation and conservation potential, and thus challenging sustainable forest management systems. • Unsustainable logging practices can be critical for ecosystem service multifunctionality reaching values only slightly higher than in successional forests. • Above-ground carbon stocks can serve as “umbrella service” for the conservation of other ecosystem services.