The genome of Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus: A missing link that solves some mysteries of invertebrate virus evolution

Wang, Y.; van Oers, M.;
GND
1059093685
Zugehörigkeit
Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Institute for Biological Control, Germany
Kleespies, Regina G.; Ramle, M.B.; Vlak, J.M.;
GND
17274184X
Zugehörigkeit
Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Institute for Biological Control, Germany
Jehle, Johannes

The Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV) was discovered in the 1960s in Malaysia and has been used effectively to control the rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Dynastidae), in coconut and oil palm in Southeast Asia and the Pacific. The virus contains enveloped, rod-shaped and dsDNA virions, and replicates in the nuclei of infected midgut and fat body cells. The OrNV and two other sequenced nudiviruses, Heliothis zea nudivirus 1 and Gryllus bimaculatus nudivirus, were previously called “non-occluded baculoviruses” as they share some similar structural, genomic and replication aspects with members of the family Baculoviridae. Their relationship to each other, to the baculoviruses as well as to other large dsDNA viruses, including the monodon baculovirus (MBV), the salivary gland hypertrophy viruses (SGHVs) and the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), is elucidated by the sequence of the complete genome of OrNV. The OrNV genome is 127,615 bp with an AT content of 58% and potentially contains 139 predicted protein-coding open reading frames (ORFs). In-depth genome sequence comparisons revealed that the nudiviruses share 20 baculovirus core gene homologues associated with transcription (p47, lef-8, lef-9, lef-4, vlf-1, and lef-5), replication (dnapol and helicase), structural proteins (p74, pif-1, pif-2, pif-3, vp91, vp39, 38K, 19kda, and odv-e56), and unknown function proteins (ac68, ac81, and p33). Four of them, furthermore, are present in the partially sequenced MBV; eight are present in the SGHVs. Surprisingly, besides the nudiviruses and the SGHVs, homologues of the four pif genes (p74, pif-1, pif-2, and pif-3) of baculoviruses were also identified in the WSSV. These pifs are involved in virus binding to and in entry into midgut epithelial cells and hence are essential for successful infection of insect hosts per os. It is assumed that their mode of action has been highly conserved as well. Moreover, homologue counterparts of the baculovirus polh/gran gene could be detected in the nudiviruses. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA polymerase and the PIFs suggest that all these viruses shared a common ancestor and formed a monophyletic group. We propose that WSSV and SGHV diverged early from a common ancestor of the nudiviruses and the baculoviruses. Genome wide analysis indicate that these invertebrate-specific circular dsDNA viruses are more closely related to each other than to any other large eukaryotic dsDNA viruses sequenced so far.

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