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Detection of koi herpes virus (KHV) genome in apparently healthy fish

Koi herpesvirus (KHV) induces a lethal disease in species belonging to Cyprinus carpio, covering common carp and koi or fancy carp. To date, other cyprinid fish species kept together with KHV infected carp or koi, such as goldfish (Carassius auratus) or grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) had never shown any sign of KHV infection. Unexplainable outbreaks of KHV infection in common carp or koi led to the suspicion that more disease influencing factors exist, than so far explained. In challenge experiments and by natural routes of infection, it has been demonstrated that naive carp or koi can be infected by the following mechanisms; exposure to water from severe KHV diseased fish, co-habitation with KHV infected carp, by infection or immersion with cell supernatant of KHV infected cultures. Experiments were conducted to determine if apparently healthy koi (carriers/survivors) or non-Cyprinus carpio species stocked with KHV infected carp could become infected. The study proved that these species were able to transfer KHV to naive carp. As a result scientists suspected that some ornamental fish species could act as reservoirs of KHV infection. In this study goldfish, grass carp, blue back ide (Leuciscus idus) and Ancistrus sp. were screened with routinely used diagnostic methods such as virus isolation in cell cultures and PCR and found to be KHV negative. This suggested that these fish species could not be infected by KHV. However, when using a more sensitive nested PCR, KHV DNA was detected from some of these fish. As confirmative methods sequence analysis of the nested PCR products and in-situ hybridization with different KHV probes were used. This study showed that the following cyprinid species; goldfish, grass carp and ide, and also non-cyprinid specides Ancistrus sp. may act as a carrier of KHV.

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